Bahasa Inggris | Translation (2)

Naskah asli Bahasa Inggris

Watches have been part of man's history for longer than most think. As early as 1530, portable spring-powered clocks were already a luxury that no aristocrat could avoid to wear.  

The use by night watchmen is where most historians believe the word "watch" comes from. Others believe the term derived instead by sailors who used timepieces to keep track of their so-called shipboard watches, the modern shifts of tours of duty.

As time passed, watches began to appear on the streets, probably sometime in the early seventeenth century. Prior to the 1920s, almost all watches were mechanical pocket watches and, with the railway industry growing faster and faster, they were often referred to as a railroad or conductor watches since they were commonly used on railroads.

When World War I broke out, American soldiers determined that the idea of reach into a pocket to check the time when buried deep in the trenches was just unfeasible. The trench watch, now the commonly known 'wrist watch', was born into existence. Originally developed by the Waltham Watch Company, it gave soldiers the unique ability to check the time while still peering the sights of their rifles in the middle of the battle.

 

Naskah terjemahan Bahasa Indonesia

Arloji telah menjadi bagian dari sejarah manusia lebih lama daripada yang diperkirakan. Sejak tahun 1530, jam bertenaga pegas telah menjadi barang mewah yang menjadi salah satu kebanggaan aristokrat.

Terdapat dua pendapat mengenai pemberian istilah dalam bahasa Inggris, yakni 'watch'. Pertama, penggunaan alat penunjuk waktu oleh penjaga malam (night watchmen). Kedua, penggunaan alat penunjuk waktu oleh para pelaut yang tengah mendapatkan giliran bertugas (shipboard watches; istilah modernnya shifts of tours of duty).

Seiring berjalannya waktu, semakin banyak lapisan masyarakat yang menggunakan arloji, seperti yang terjadi pada awal abad ke-17. Sebelum dekade 1920an, hampir semua arloji yang beredar di pasaran berupa arloji saku mekanik, dan dengan pesatnya pertumbuhan industri kereta api, arloji saku memperoleh sebutan baru sebagai arloji kereta api atau arloji kondektur karena umum digunakan oleh orang-orang yang bekerja di dalam bidang perkeretaapian.

Pada saat berlangsung Perang Dunia I, tentara Amerika [Serikat] merasa kesulitan untuk mengambil arloji dari dalam sakunya manakala berada di dalam parit. Maka dari itu digagaslah model baru yang lebih mudah untuk digunakan, yang awalnya dikenal sebagai arloji parit (trench watch), yakni arloji yang dilingkarkan pada pergelangan tangan (wrist watch). Perusahaan pertama yang memproduksi arloji tangan adalah Waltham Watch Company. Keberadaan arloji yang melingkar pada pergelangan tangan (arloji tangan atau jam tangan) mempermudah para tentara untuk melihat waktu tanpa harus kehilangan banyak konsentrasi pada saat membidikkan senapan mereka di tengah pertempuran.

Bahasa Inggris | Translation (1)

Sumber gambar : Belton (2017: 5)

Naskah asli: 

Coal is a type of rock made from plants. Most coal comes from plants that lived before the dinosaurs did!

People have used coal as a source of energy for hundreds of years. Today, it's used in a process that produced electricity. The coal is burned to heat water, which makes steam, which in turn drives the moving parts of generators. Over 40 percent of the electricity in the world is made by burning coal. In the United States, 93 percent of the coal burned is used to generate electric power. Most remaining coal is used in the iron, concrete, and paper industries.

Terjemahan:

Batubara adalah sejenis batuan yang terbentuk dari tumbuhan. Sebagian besar batubara berasal dari tumbuhan yang umurnya lebih tua daripada dinosaurus!

Manusia telah memanfaatkan batubara sebagai sumber energi selama ratusan tahun. Saat ini, batubara digunakan di dalam sebuah proses yang menghasilkan listrik. Batubara dibakar untuk memanaskan air, yang menghasilkan uap, dan kemudian uap tersebut menggerakkan mesin pembangkit tenaga (generator). Lebih dari 40 persen listrik di seluruh dunia dihasilkan dari pembakaran batubara. Di Amerika Serikat, 93 persen dari batubara bakar dimanfaatkan untuk pembangkit tenaga listrik. Sedangkan sisa bagian lainnya dimanfaatkan di dalam industri besi, beton, dan kertas.

Sumber naskah :

Belton B. 2017. How Coal Is Formed. New York: Gareth Stevens Publishing. Hal. 4.

Bahasa Inggris | Reading, Wheels

 Invention of Wheel

Wheels help an automobile to ove. Can you imagine the world without wheels? There would be no cars, buses, motorcycles, and scooters. 

Wheel is one of the greatest mechanical inventions for the benefit of mankind. Before the invention of wheel, people carried load on their backs and shoulders. Later they used sledges to carry loads. Sledges were pulled by people or domesticated animals. Probably sledges were the first system used to transport heavy loads before the invention of wheel. People realised that tree trunks could be made round like rollers. These rollers were laid under the sledge at each stage and so very slowly it moved along. As the sledge rolled further the rollers were picked up behind it and laid down again in front of the sledge. The wheel probably developed using this technique.

The earliest known wheels were found in Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq) between 3500 and 3000 BC. The earliest picture of a wheel is seen in the Standard of Ur, a mosaic which depicts ancient civilisation in Mesopotamia around 6000 years ago. The picture shows procession of heavy war wagons rolling along on wooden wheels. 

Early wheels where either slices of wood cut across a log (tree trunk) with a hole for the axle in the centre or made of three planks of solid wood. The three pieces were held together with wooden struts or strips of leather. But such wheels had to be sawed into shape. They could not be made until people learned to use metal tools. 

The first wheeled vehicles were farm carts, war chariots and sacred wagons of Gods. These wheeled vehicles made the transport of heavy goods quicker and easier. 

The invention of wheel was made in the late Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) around 5000 years ago. The invention of wheel is seen with other technological advances that gave rise to the Bronze Age.

Wheels first used for transportation in 3200 BC in Mesopotamia. In Indian mythology also, we get evidences of use of wheels in chariots dating around 3000 BC. In the Harappan civilization of the Indus valley and north western India, toy cart wheels made of clay were found. These wheels had painted or engraved spokes. Some seals of the second half of the third millennium BC had symbol of the spoked wheel in the script. In reality, the spoked wheels were invented more recently. Spokes are the rods radiating from the centre connecting the hub with the round surface. The Andronova culture is often credited with the invention of the spoke-wheeled chariots around 2000 BC. In Egypt, people started using chariots fixed with spoked wheels around 2000 BC. In China, wheeled vehicles appeared in the second millennium BC. 

The wheels went to evolve and the first wheels with iron rims were seen in the Celtic chariots around 1000 BC. 

Jawablah pertanyaan-pertanyaan di bawah ini menggunakan informasi yang tercantum di dalam bacaan di atas!

1. In which age the invention of wheel was made?

2. Where were the wheel first used for transportation around 3200 BC?

3. Which is the oldest wheel discovered by archaeologists? 

4. Which culture is often credited with the invention of spoked wheel chariots? 

5. What kind of wheels were seen in Celtic chariots around 1000 BC?

6. Name any two devices other than automobiles in which wheels are used!

Kepustakaan:

Jha SN, Banerjee S, Jain N. (2013). A Textbook of Automobile Technology: For Class 9 (Level 1). New Delhi: Goyal Brothers Prakash Educational Publishers. hal. 1-4, 18.

Bahasa Inggris | Reading, The Achaemenid Empire

By 539 BC, Cyrus had conquered vast areas of land, including Babylonia, Palestine, Syria, and Asia Minor. (The Bible mentions Cyrus as the liberator of Jews who had been held captive in Babylon.)

Cyrus was also noted for his humane policies. For example, he allowed his conquered subjects to keep their own religion. In fact, the Persians adopted much from the culture of the lands they controlled, including Iran, and this greatly enriched Persian culture. The Persians constructed magnificent buildings and good roads and even established shipping lines.

Darius and Xerxes were other well-known kings who further expanded the Achaemenid Empire, creating the largest empire of the time. Persia soldiers were excellent archers. In war, ranks of bowmen would shoot hundreds of arrows at the enemy from a long distance, thus overwhelming the enemy before hand-to-hand fighting began.

However, the Persians were unable to defeat the Greeks. The Persians were driven back by the numerically inferior Greeks at Marathon in 490 BC and Salamis in 480 BC. 

The Achaemenid Empire came to an end with the conquest of Persepolis by Alexander the Great in 330 BC.

Referensi:

Rajendra V, Kaplan G, Rajendra R. 2006. Cultures of the World: Iran. New York, United States: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. p.16.

Bahasa Inggris | Latihan kosakata [2]

Sebutkanlah padanan kata dan/atau arti kata-kata di bawah ini di dalam bahasa Indonesia!

stucco : ....
edifice : ....
surmounted : ....
effigies : ....
opulence : ....
baronetcy : ....
pallor : ....
shiftiness : ....
sensuous : ....
waxen mask : ....
countenance : ....
ordinaries : ....
verge : ....
monstrosity : ....
embryonic : ....
abysmal : ....
countenance : ....
frock coat : ....
trenchantly : ....
rubicund : ....
asperity : ....
obsequious : ....
reminiscences : ....
flotation : ....
accursed : ....
proprietors : ....
swine : ....
redden : ....
baksheesh : ....
repudiation : ....

Kata-kata di atas dipergunakan oleh H. Ridder Hagard di dalam novel yang berjudul "The Yellow God" (hal. 1-20).

Bahasa Inggris | Asal-usul kata

Pada kesempatan ini kita akan mempelajari tentang sejumlah kata di dalam Bahasa Inggris berdasarkan asal-usulnya. Sebuah kata atau istilah atau kemudian berkembang menjadi frasa, dan seterusnya, memiliki sejarah yang menarik bilamana ditelusuri secara mendalam. Dengan mengetahui asal-usul sebuah kata, kita akan dapat mempergunakan kata tersebut secara lebih tepat dan dapat memperbesar kemungkinan bagi kita untuk memberikan penjelasan kepada orang lain pada saat kita mengutarakan kata tersebut.

Mari kita mulai!

aborigine
Kata aborigine (aborigin) secara populer digunakan oleh orang untuk merujuk etnis yang mendiami benua Australia. Padahal aborigine memiliki arti 'penduduk asli' suatu tempat. Berbeda dari kebiasaan era modern, aborigine pada awal penggunaannya pada abad ke-16 justru merujuk kepada kelompok masyarakat pertama yang mendiami Italia dan Yunani. Kata aborigine berasal dari frasa bahasa Latin, yakni ab origine (dari awal). Adapun penggunaan aborigine sebagai sebutan untuk bangsa pribumi Australia berlaku sejak era 1820an.

adventure
Kata adventure di dalam bahasa Indonesia diterjemahkan menjadi 'petualangan'. Namun dari abad ke abad kata ini mengalami perubahan makna berkali-kali. Pada Abad Pertengahan adventure berarti 'segala sesuatu yang terjadi secara tiba-tiba' atau 'kesempatan atau keberuntungan'. Setelah itu kata adventure berubah makna menjadi 'tindakan yang berbahaya atau mendekati maut'. Sedangkan makna yang berlaku saat ini adalah 'sebuah kejadian menarik yang dialami oleh seseorang'. Kata adventure sendiri berasal dari bahasa Latin, yakni advenire yang berarti 'datang atau tiba'.

ambulance
Ambulans, demikian ejaan kata ini di dalam bahasa Indonesia, identik dengan kendaraan milik rumah sakit atau lembaga penyedia layanan kesehatan lainnya yang berguna untuk mengangkut pasien. Kata ini pertama kali digunakan dalam Perang Crimea dan pada awal perkembangannya berarti 'rumah sakit sementara yang berpindah-pindah' yang mengikuti pergerakan tentara dari satu tempat ke tempat lain. Istilah ambulance kemudian digunakan untuk menunjuk 'kendaraan atau kereta yang digunakan untuk mengangkut tentara yang luka-luka dari medan pertempuran'.  Kata ambulance berasal dari bahasa Prancis, yaitu hopital ambulant, yang secara harfiah berarti 'rumah sakit berjalan', namun memiliki akar bahasa Latin, yakni ambulare, yang berarti 'berjalan'.

bazaar
Masyarakat Indonesia sangat menyukai kegiatan berkunjung ke bazaar. Di dalam era yang bercirikan gaya hidup konsumerisme, kata ini sangat populer di tengah masyarakat. Bazaar berasal dari bahasa Persia yang memiliki arti 'pasar'. Kata ini masuk ke dalam bahasa Inggris melalui bahasa Italia, yakni bazzarro. Uniknya, di dalam perkembangannya secara resmi kata bazaar dianggap sebagai kata pinjaman dari bahasa Turki.

bicycle
Ya, siapa yang tidak mengenal kata ini? Di dalam istilah orang Indonesia kata ini berarti 'sepeda', atau 'sepeda onthel' (berasimilasi dengan bahasa Jawa). Kata bicycle bermula dari istilah velocipede (kaki cepat), namun kemudian di dalam perkembangannya kalah populer dari istilah bahasa Yunani, yaitu bikuklos (dua roda), yang kemudian berevolusi menjadi bicycle. Memasuki abad ke-19 terdapat sebutan lain untuk bicycle, yaitu bike.



REFERENSI

Cresswell J. (2010). Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bahasa Inggris | Kosakata [1]

auteur. [kata benda]. (1) seorang sutradara film yang menganut teori auteur, (2) seorang seniman, misalnya musisi atau penulis, yang memiliki gaya dan praktek yang unik.

capnometer. [kata benda]. sebuah alat pengamatan yang mengukur dan menyajikan data berupa angka mengenai konsentrasi karbon dioksida di dalam udara yang dihirup.

crowdsourcing. [kata benda]. kegiatan untuk mendapatkan pelayanan/jasa, gagasan, muatan yang diperukan dengan menghimpun bantuan dari sekelompok besar orang khususnya melalui jalur online, bukan dari karyawan atau pemasok tradisional.

deep state. [kata benda]. sebuah jaringan rahasia para pejabat pemerintah yang tidak terpilih lagi dan kadang-kadang juga lembaga-lembaga swasta (seperti dalam industri jasa keuangan dan industri pertahanan) yang beroperasi di luar jalur hukum untuk mempengaruhi dan ikut berperan di dalam pembuatan kebijakan pemerintah.

endocannabinoid. [kata benda]. setiap senyawa kimia yang dihasilkan secara alami di dalam tubuh dan mengikat reseptor-reseptor otak.

gig economy. [kata benda] kegiatan ekonomi yang mencakup penggunaan pekerja paruh waktu atau pekerja lepas di dalam bidang jasa.

hoarding disorder. [kata benda]. sebuah gangguan/kelainan psikologis yang ditunjukkan dengan akumulasi persistent berbagai hal yang sering dianggap tidak berguna atau tidak bermanfaat oleh orang lain dan oleh ketidakmampuan untuk membuang/melepaskan hal-hal tersebut tanpa harus mengalami tekanan yang berat.

REFERENSI

Merriam-Webster.com

Bahasa Inggris | Reading, Gotama

Naskah berikut ini dikutip dari prosa karangan Herman Hesse yang berjudul Siddhartha, halaman 26-27. Informasi lebih lanjut mengenai Herman Hesse pada tautan ini: Herman Hesse

Gotama

In the town of Savathi, every child knew the name of the exalted Buddha, and every house was prepared to fill the alms-dish of Gotama's disciples, the silently begging ones. Near the town was Gotama's favourite place to stay, the grove of Jetavana, which the rich merchant Anathapindika, and obedient worshipper of the exalted one, had given him and his people for a gift. 

All tales and answers, which the two young ascetics had received in their search for Gotama's abode, had pointed them towards this area. And arriving at Savathi, in the very first house, before the door of which they stopped to beg, food has been offered to them, and they accepted the food, and Siddhartha asked the woman, who handed them the food:

"We would like to know, oh charitable one, where the Buddha dwells, the most venerable one, for we are two Samanas from the forest and have come, to see him, the perfected one, and to hear the teachings from his mouth."

Quoth the woman: "Here, you have truly come to the right place, you Samanas from the forest. You should know, in Jetavana, in the garden of Anathapindika is where is exalted one dwells. There you pilgrims shall spent the night, for there is enough space for the inumerable, who flock here, to hear the teachings from his mouth."

This made Govinda happy, and full of joy he exclaimed: "Well so, thus we have reached our destination, and our path has come to an end! But tell us, oh mother of the pilgrims, do you know him, the Buddha, have you seen him with your own eyes?"

Quoth the woman: "Many times I have seen him, the exalted one. On many days, I have seen him, walking through the alleys in silence, wearing his yellow cloak, presenting his alms-dish in silence at the doors of the houses, leaving with a filled dish."

Delightedly, Govinda listened and wanted to ask and hear much more. But Siddhartha urged him to walk on. They thanked and left and hardly hard to ask for directions, for rather many pilgrims and monks as well from Gotama's community were on their to the Jetavana. And since they reached it at night, there were cosntant arrivals, shouts, and talk of those who sought shelter and got it. The two Samanas, accustomed to life in the forest, quickly and without making any noise a place to stay and rested there until the morning.

Kosakata:

exalted

alms-dish

ascetics

venerable

flock

inumerable

cloak

Bahasa Inggris | Reading, Cat and Dog

Cat and Dog Discuss Humans

The cat and dog were talking. The cat said, "Humans treat us better than you. If we turn up our nose at the cat food they serve us, they buy us another brand. If we're sleepy, we can sleep on the pillows in their bed." The dog said, "But humans take us out for walks. They throw Frisbees for us to catch. They put us in their tub and give us baths." The cat said, "They don't take us for walks because there's a litter box in the house. If we want to catch something, we catch birds or mice. They don't give us baths because we clean ourselves. And one more thing -- they respect our independence. They don't put a chain on our neck and a leash on the chain." The dog said, "I'd rather have a leash than have their kids pulling my tail all the time."

Referensi:

Carlson M. (2013). English Learner: 500 Short Stories for Beginner-Intermediate. hal. 31.

Latihan Soal | Bahasa Inggris untuk SLTA

Once upon a time there was a poor widow who had an only son named Gori. They were so poor that they did not have anything but a cow. When the cow had grown up too old, Gor's mother sent the cow with him to the market to sell it. On his way to the market, Gori met a butcher who had some beautiful beans in his hand. The butcher told the boy that the beans were of great value. He then persuaded the silly lad to sell the cow for the beans.

Gori brought the beans happily. When he told his mother about it, his mother became so angry that she threw the beans out of the window.

When Gori woke up in the morning he felt that the sun was shining into a part of his room, but all rest was quite dark and shady.

He jumped to the window. What did he see? The beanstalk grew up quite close past Gori's bedroom's window. He opened the window and jumped to the beanstalk which ran up just like a big ladder.

He climbed and climbed till at last he reached the sky. While looking around, he saw a very huge castle. He was amazed. Then Gori walked along the path leading to the castle. There was a big tall woman on the doorstep. Gori greeted her and asked for the giantess' mercy to give him breakfast because he felt very hungry. Although the giantess grumbled at first, finally she gave Gori a hunk of bread and cheese and a jug of milk.

Gori had not finished when the whole house began to tremble with the noise of someone's coming. "Oh! It is my husband!" cried the giantess. "What on earth shall I do?"

Hastily the giantess opened a very big cupboard and hid Gori there.

Answer the following questions based on the above passage!

1. Where did Gori sell his cow?
a. At a castle
b. At the market
c. At the giant's castle
d. At the butcher's house
e. On his way to the market

2. What is the story about?
a. Gori and a butcher
b. Gori and the giantess
c. Gori and beanstalk
d. A poor widow and her son
e. The giantess and her husband

3. "Oh! It's my husband!" cried the giantess. "What on earth shall I do?". From the sentence we know that the giantess is .... her husband.
a. afraid of
b. angry with
c. annoyed with
d. fed up with
e. displeased with

4. Gori's mother looked very furious when he told that ....
a. the beans were precious
b. the butcher bought his cow
c. he had sold his cow to a butcher
d. he traded the cow for the beans
e. he met a butcher on his way to the market

5. What do we learn from the passage?
a. Sincerity makes Gori get something precious.
b. Gori's mother was a furious mother.
c. Poverty makes people hopeless.
d. The giantess took pity on Gori.
e. Gori was an innocent boy.

Daftar Pustaka:
Sukur SG. 2008. Kumpulan Pembahasan Soal Ujian Nasional: Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Indonesiatera. hal. 30-31.